{"id":8463,"date":"2021-05-11T11:36:08","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T09:36:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/?page_id=8463"},"modified":"2025-11-29T08:53:28","modified_gmt":"2025-11-29T07:53:28","slug":"%e7%96%ab%e7%97%85%ef%bc%9a%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e6%80%a7%e7%9a%84%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e5%ae%98%e5%83%9a%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e4%bb%a5%e5%8f%8a%e5%bc%ba%e5%88%b6%e4%b8%8e%e8%87%aa%e5%8f%91%e7%9a%84%e7%a4%be","status":"publish","type":"articulo","link":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/articles\/articles-in-chinese\/%e7%96%ab%e7%97%85%e7%9a%84%e7%bb%8f%e6%b5%8e%e5%bd%b1%e5%93%8d\/%e7%96%ab%e7%97%85%ef%bc%9a%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e6%80%a7%e7%9a%84%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e5%ae%98%e5%83%9a%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e4%bb%a5%e5%8f%8a%e5%bc%ba%e5%88%b6%e4%b8%8e%e8%87%aa%e5%8f%91%e7%9a%84%e7%a4%be\/","title":{"rendered":"\u75ab\u75c5\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f3a\u5236\u4e0e\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u534f\u8c03"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b9a\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7956\u56fd\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\uff09\u5bf9Covid-19\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u548c\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u63a5\u8fde\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u6548\u679c\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\uff0c\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5e0c\u671b\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7531\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u7c73\u585e\u65af\uff08Ludwig von Mises\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u9996\u6b21\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b9a\u7406\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5185\u5bb9\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u8fd1\u4e14\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref10\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[10]<\/a>\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08real socialism\uff09\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u5145\u5206\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5b66\u6d3e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0cCovid-19\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u7206\u53d1\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u8fd1\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u5e76\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\uff1a<a name=\"_ftnref11\"><\/a>\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u591a\u4e48\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u591a\u4e48\u5d07\u9ad8\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u548c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u8ba1\u5212\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u4f9b\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u524d\u75ab\u75c5\u2014\u2014\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5f71\u54cd\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u7c73\u585e\u65af\u5b9a\u7406\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b9a\u7406\u201d\uff09\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u5e72\u9884\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u6027\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u63aa\u65bd\u5dee\u5f02\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u5371\u673a\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u5dee\u5f02\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u800c\u975e\u7c7b\u522b\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u8131\u79bb\u5176DNA\u4e2d\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u884c\u4f7f\u5b83\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u884c\u4f7f\u5b83\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u5f53\u5c40\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5f53\u5c40\u66f4\u65e0\u80fd\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u6b64<a name=\"_ftnref12\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[12]<\/a>\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5f53\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u5c40\u575a\u6301\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u534f\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5fc5\u987b\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u8868\u73b0\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u603b\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672c\u6587\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49-\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b9a\u7406\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ece\u5f53\u4ee3\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u75ab\u75c5\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u66f4\u8fd1\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u75ab\u75c5\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u6a21\u578b\u73b0\u5728\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u8fd1\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u76f8\u540c\u73b0\u8c61\uff08\u4f8b\u59821918\u5e74\u6d41\u611f\u75ab\u75c5\u671f\u95f4\u76df\u56fd\u5bf9\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u64cd\u7eb5\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u7cdf\u7cd5\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u201d\u6d41\u611f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u4eca\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u663e\u7136\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u6211\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff08<em>Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u7b2c3\u7ae0<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[13]<\/a>\uff09\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c<a name=\"_ftnref13\"><\/a>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79d1\u5b66\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u5176\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5165\u534f\u8c03\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5217\u56db\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u4ece\u6700\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u5230\u6700\u91cd\u8981\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u534f\u8c03\u5176\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6280\u672f\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u65e0\u6570\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u201c\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u9690\u542b\u7684\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a00\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u592e\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u6784\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6216\u9759\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5929\u751f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6ce2\u52a8\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u53cc\u91cd\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u8fdf\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e6\u5b83\u4eec\u6d88\u5316\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u6536\u5230\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\u7684\u3001\u7247\u9762\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e86\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u672a\u6765\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\u6240\u4ee5\u5c1a\u672a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u5176\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u5f3a\u52a0\u5176\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u963b\u788d\u751a\u81f3\u963b\u6b62\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5176\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u800c\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0e\u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref14\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[14]<\/a>\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u5728\u5de6\u53f3\u4e24\u8fb9\u90fd\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u548c\u5931\u8c03\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u5f53\u5c40\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5c31\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6210\u672c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u76f2\u76ee\uff09\uff1b\u5f53\u5c40\u8bd5\u56fe\u8c03\u52a8\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6301\u7eed\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3001\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u4f4e\u52a3\uff1b\u64cd\u7eb5\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u62d4\u9ad8\u81ea\u5df1\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u6cbb\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u81ea\u4ece\u75ab\u75c5\u7206\u53d1\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u52a8\u5458\u8d77\u6765\u6297\u51fb\u5b83\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4ee5\u94fe\u72b6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6211\u518d\u8bf4\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u975e\u6e90\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u6765\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec\u9605\u8bfb\u4f55\u585e\u00b7\u66fc\u52aa\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u7f57\u6885\u7f57\uff08Jos\u00e9 Manuel Romero\uff09\u548c\u5965\u91cc\u5965\u5c14\u00b7\u5c45\u5c14\uff08Oriol G\u00fcell\uff09\u6240\u5199\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u767d\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\uff08El libro blanco de la pandemia\uff09\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref15\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[15]<\/a>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u9010\u6b65\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u8db3\u548c\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f5c\u8005\uff08\u5176\u804c\u4e1a\u4e3a\u8bb0\u8005\uff09\u5929\u771f\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9632\u6b62\u5c06\u6765\u72af\u4e0b\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5e76\u975e\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u7ba1\u7406\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u76d1\u7ba1\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e6\u53d1\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5931\u8c03\u3001\u65e0\u6548\u7387\u548c\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f17\u591a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5df2\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u91cd\u6784\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u4ece2020\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u74e6\u4f26\u897f\u4e9a\u963f\u7459\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6bd4\u62c9\u8bfa\u74e6\uff08Arnau\u00a0de\u00a0Vilanova\uff09\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4eec\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5730\u533a\uff08\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u536b\u751f\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u6837\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u51a0\u72b6\u75c5\u6bd2\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u6388\u6743\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6837\u54c1\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u540d69\u5c81\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u90a3\u91cc\u91c7\u96c6\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b7b\u4e8e\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u6000\u7591\u662f\u7531Covid-19\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u635f\u5931\u4e86\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u51e0\u5468\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u536b\u751f\u8ba1\u5212\u673a\u6784\uff08\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u548c\u5730\u533a\u536b\u751f\u5385\uff09\u4e00\u518d\u62d2\u7edd\u6388\u6743\u8fdb\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6000\u7591\u88ab\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u60a3\u8005\uff08\u8bb8\u591a\u5468\u540e\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u6b7b\u4e8eCovid-19\u75c5\u6bd2\uff09\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5f53\u5c40\u5148\u524d\uff081\u670824\u65e5\uff09\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u5728\u75c7\u72b6\u53d1\u4f5c\u524d\u7684\u5341\u56db\u5929\u5185\u53bb\u8fc7\u6b66\u6c49\u6216\u4e0e\u88ab\u8bca\u65ad\u60a3\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\u63a5\u89e6\u8fc7\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4f01\u4e1a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u952e\u7684\u51e0\u5468\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u75c5\u6bd2\u5df2\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u81ea\u7531\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u5173\u9884\u9632\u63aa\u65bd\u548c\u6297\u51fb\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u6d883\u67088\u65e5\u7684\u5973\u6743\u793a\u5a01\u6e38\u884c\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6837\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\u7c73\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u8428\uff08Mikel\u00a0Buesa\uff09\u7684\u975e\u51e1\u8457\u4f5c\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f15\u7528\u8fc7<a name=\"_ftnref16\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[16]<\/a>\uff09\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7b2c118\u9875\u53ca\u5176\u540e\uff09\u6240\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u5931\u8c03\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u3001\u64cd\u7eb5\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u4fb5\u72af\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u6e90\u4e8e\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a7\u5236\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u201c\u2026\u2026\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5236\u9020\u5546\u5c06\u6ca1\u6536\u533b\u7597\u7269\u8d44\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u505c\u987f\u201d\uff08\u7b2c109\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u7ef4\u62a4\u533b\u751f\u548c\u536b\u751f\u4eba\u5458\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u8981\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6d77\u5173\u4f9d\u56fd\u5bb6\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u6ca1\u6536\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u53e3\u7f69\u8ba2\u5355\u6d41\u5931\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u7531\u4e8e\u62c5\u5fc3\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6536\u8d27\u7269\u800c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u5176\u53d1\u9001\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u5ba2\u6237\u3002\u4f17\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5373\u52a0\u5229\u897f\u4e9a\u5236\u9020\u5546\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6750\u6599\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u547d\u4ee4\u51bb\u7ed3\u5728\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7d22\u53d6\u5b83\u4eec\uff08\u7b2c110-111\u9875\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e13\u95e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u805a\u5408\u9176\u94fe\u5f0f\u53cd\u5e94\uff08PCR\uff09\u8bd5\u5242\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5176\u5e93\u5b58\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u5747\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f81\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u53f8\u6bcf\u5929\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u4ea7\u8d85\u8fc760000\u652fPCR\u8bd5\u5242\u6216\u6ee1\u8db3\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u9700\u6c42\uff08\u7b2c119\u9875\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7528\u4e8e\u6536\u96c6\u6837\u54c1\u7684\u68c9\u7b7e\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u5141\u8bb8\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u81ea\u7531\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u7acb\u5373\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u2014\u2014\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u74f6\u9888\u4f7f\u95ee\u9898\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\uff08\u7b2c114\u9875\uff09\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u76d1\u7ba1\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\uff0c\u9762\u7f69\u3001\u6d17\u624b\u6db2\u548c\u4e01\u8148\u624b\u5957\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u77ed\u7f3a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u75c5\u6bd2\u4f20\u64ad\u6700\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u4e2d\uff08\u7b2c116\u9875\uff09 \u3002<a name=\"_ftnref17\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[17]<\/a>\u81ea3\u6708\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u91c7\u8d2d\u76849.71\u4ebf\u4ef6\u4e0d\u540c\u4ea7\u54c1\uff08\u53e3\u7f69\u3001\u624b\u5957\u3001\u7f69\u8863\u3001\u547c\u5438\u88c5\u7f6e\u3001\u8bca\u65ad\u8bbe\u5907\u7b49\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u52302020\u5e749\u6708\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u5206\u53d1\u4e862.26\u4ebf\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u5219\u88ab\u6401\u7f6e\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\uff08\u7b2c118\u9875\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6e05\u5355\u5728\u4e00\u4efd\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80dc\u679a\u4e3e\uff0c\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5bf9\uff08\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u5206\u914d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u59cb\u4e8e1989\u5e74\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u5f7b\u5e95\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u65e0\u6548\u7387\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0<a name=\"_ftnref18\"><\/a>\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[18]<\/a>\u6211\u518d\u8bf4\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u5c40\u7f3a\u4e4f\u52aa\u529b\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u771f\u8bda\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u4e2d\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u7d27\u8981\u5173\u5934\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u5c40\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u2014\u5f3a\u5236\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\u3001\u6ca1\u6536\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u8425\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u5206\u9500\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u652f\u6301\u800c\u975e\u963b\u788d\u79c1\u4eba\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5c31\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u8bb6\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7406\u8bba\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9644\u5e26\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u9002\u5e94\u3001\u5931\u8c03\u3001\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u540e\u679c\u5916\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u6211\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref19\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[19]<\/a>\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4f53\u73b0\u5b83\u7684\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bd5\u56fe\u5229\u7528\u5371\u673a\uff08\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u75ab\u75c5\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff09\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\uff09\u589e\u5f3a\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\u4ee5\u64cd\u7eb5\u751a\u81f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6b3a\u9a97\u516c\u6c11\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref20\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[20]<\/a>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u75ab\u75c5\u6765\u88ad\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u6700\u521d\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u6355\u548c\u9a9a\u6270\u53d1\u51fa\u8b66\u62a5\u7684\u533b\u751f\u6765\u63a9\u76d6\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u65e0\u803b\u7684\u63a9\u76d6\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u548c\u4f4e\u62a5\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u81ea\u64b0\u5199\u672c\u6587\u65f6\uff082021\u5e741\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u75ab\u75c5\u7206\u53d1\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c1a\u672a\u5141\u8bb8\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08WHO\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u8be5\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6839\u6e90\u8fdb\u884c\u72ec\u7acb\u8c03\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c0e\u8a00\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u5730\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u6563\u5e03\uff0c\u4ee5\u64cd\u7eb5\u548c\u6b3a\u9a97\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc4\u4f30\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u3002\uff08\u6839\u636e\u7c73\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u8428\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4ec5\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u8fd190000\u7684\u603b\u6570\u768456.4\uff05\u2014\u2014\u7b2c76\u9875\u3002\uff09\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u6570\uff08\u6839\u636e\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u800c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u62a5\u544a\u75c5\u4f8b\u6570\u7684\u4e94\u81f3\u5341\u500d\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6545\u610f\u57282020\u5e743\u6708\u5e95\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u91d1\u878d\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\uff08<em>Financial Times<\/em>\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5938\u5927\u4e8650\uff05\u7684\u865a\u5047\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u6240\u6d3e\u53d1\u7684PCR\u8bd5\u5242\u6570\u91cf\uff08355000\u652f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u7684235000\u652f\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u6570\u5b57\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5f00\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5439\u5618\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6b21\u6570\u6700\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u89c1\u5e03\u8428\u7684\u4e66\u7b2c113\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7262\u8bb0\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd<strong>\u7c97\u653e\u800c\u552f\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong>\uff08voluntaristic\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref21\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[21]<\/a>\u201c\u552f\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u662f\u6307\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u610f\u5fd7\u4ee5\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u62df\u8bae\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u201c\u7c97\u653e\u201d\u662f\u6307\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u88ab\u5b98\u65b9\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u9644\u5e26\u5f71\u54cd\uff09<a name=\"_ftnref22\"><\/a>\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[22]<\/a>\u5e03\u8428\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u8b66\u62a5\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u800c\u8fdd\u5baa\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u9002\u5f53\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\uff08rule of law\uff09\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\uff08\u5e03\u8428\uff0c\u7b2c96-108\u9875\u548c122\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u503c\u5f97\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0e\u5176\u4e32\u901a\u4e00\u6c14\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u5408\u5531\u56e2\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4e3a\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6bcf\u9879\u51b3\u5b9a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u652f\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5149\u73af\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u6c11\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u65e0\u52a9\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u201d\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u5178\u578b\u548c\u6700\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u65e8\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u636e\u79f0\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u6743\u6307\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u63d0\u53ca\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u652f\u6301\u6765\u963b\u6b62\u4efb\u4f55\u62b1\u6028\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u636e\u79f0\u79d1\u5b66\u987e\u95ee\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u667a\u8bc6\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u6743\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u547d\u4ee4\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u9002\u5e94\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u559c\u597d\u3002\u5728<a name=\"_ftnref23\"><\/a>\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[23]<\/a>\u6211\u5199\u8fc7\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6743\u529b\u72c2\u6b22\u201d\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9519\u8bef\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u201d\u548c\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u81ea\u8d1f\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u2014\u2014\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u81ea\u8d1f\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u4e0d\u65ad\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u5206\u6563\u7684\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u624b\u6bb5\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u8868\u8fbe\u3001\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref24\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[24]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u75ab\u75c5\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d7\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5f3a\u5236\u6240\u675f\u7f1a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\u50cf\u5f53\u524d\u8fd9\u6837\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u75ab\u75c5\u3002\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u663e\u7136\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u3002\u5bfb\u627e\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u514b\u670d\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u5c06\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u5f97\u77e5\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\u51fa\u6765\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u5236\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u2014\u2014\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5fc3\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u88ab\u975e\u5e38\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref25\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[25]<\/a>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5206\u6790\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u5ba2\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u8054\u5408\u884c\u52a8\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u548c\u52aa\u529b\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref26\"><\/a>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\u7684\u75ab\u75c5\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u96c6\u7ed3\u51fa\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u548c\u72ec\u521b\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u80c1\u8feb\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6982\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7ecf\u6d4e\u505c\u987f\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff0c\u5b83\u81f3\u5c11\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c06\u66f4\u52a0\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u3001\u5206\u6563\u548c\u201c\u5fae\u89c2\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff08\u79c1\u4eba\uff09\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\uff0c\u8857\u533a\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u7597\u517b\u9662\u7b49\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u9694\u79bb\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u5728\u75ab\u75c5\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5173\u952e\u51e0\u5468\u5185\u5b9e\u65bd\u5ba1\u67e5\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u63ed\u9732\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u9a9a\u6270\uff09\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u9ad8\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6765\u76d1\u6d4b\u53ef\u80fd\u6848\u4f8b\u65f6\u7684\u7f13\u6162\u548c\u7b28\u62d9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u3001\u7597\u517b\u9662\u3001\u673a\u573a\u3001\u8f66\u7ad9\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u5de5\u5177\u7b49\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u548c\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5c31\u5c06\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u6781\u5927\u7684\u654f\u6377\u6027\u7acb\u5373\u5f15\u5165\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6781\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u74f6\u9888\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u53e3\u7f69\u4e0d\u4f1a\uff08\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u534a\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u7528\u53e3\u7f69\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u826f\u597d\u6548\u679c\u65f6\uff09\u906d\u5230\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u968f\u540e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u88ab\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u4eba\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7684\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u5c06\u4ee5\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u90a3\u6837\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212\u6765\u963b\u6b62\u548c\u7834\u574f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6f5c\u529b\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref27\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[27]<\/a>\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u5fc5\u63d0\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u63d0\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u8865\u6551\u63aa\u65bd\u548c\u75ab\u82d7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u8d44\u91d1\u5145\u88d5\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u6548\u3001\u53ca\u65f6\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u8fc5\u901f\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref28\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[28]<\/a>\u5173\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u7f51\u7edc\uff08\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u533b\u9662\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u654f\u6377\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5728\u5371\u673a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u6269\u5c55\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u989d\u5916\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u8fd180\uff05\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5e9c\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u5185\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u79c1\u4eba\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u800c\u975e\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u540c\u80de\u5219\u88ab\u516c\u7136\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u9009\u62e9\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u670925\uff05\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u652f\u4ed8\u79c1\u4eba\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u989d\u5916\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u727a\u7272\u3002\uff09<a name=\"_ftnref29\"><\/a>\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u2026\u2026<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5974\u5f79\u4e0e\u670d\u4ece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u8282\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u95ee\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u6790\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u3001\u4e0d\u8db3\u548c\u77db\u76fe\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[30]<\/a>\u4f46\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48<a name=\"_ftnref30\"><\/a>\u5728\u5176\u653f\u5ba2\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u5f15\u8bf1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u516c\u6c11\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u6709\u7eaa\u5f8b\u800c\u987a\u4ece\u5730\u7ee7\u7eed\u670d\u4ece\u5b83\u4eec\uff1f\u57c3\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u5fb7\u62c9\u535a\u57c3\u8482\uff08Etienne de\u00a0la Bo\u00e9tie\uff09\u4e8e1574\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u613f\u5974\u5f79\u8bba\u300b\uff08<em>Discourse of Voluntary Servitude<\/em>\uff09\u65f6<a name=\"_ftnref31\"><\/a>\uff0c<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[31]<\/a>\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u5974\u5f79\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u5173\u7684\uff1a\u670d\u4ece\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\u867d\u7136\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u90e8\u843d\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\uff1b\u5177\u6709\u201c\u5723\u201d\u5370\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u662f\u795e\u9009\uff1b\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u652f\u6301\uff09\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u4e49\u52a1\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u2014\u2014\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u5e38\u5e74\u81ea\u6211\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff1b\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u662f\u7981\u536b\u519b\u6210\u5458\uff1b\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u9760\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u652f\u6301\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u5b83\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u8eab\u540e\u96c6\u7ed3\uff1b\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u7ed9\u4e88\u8865\u8d34\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u662f\u6d25\u8d34\u548c\u5956\u52b1\uff1b\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u91d1\uff09\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u516c\u6c11\u6e10\u8fdb\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8f6c\u5730\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u52a0\u4e0a\u6050\u60e7\uff08\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u5f15\u8d77\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6050\u60e7\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4eec\u547c\u5401\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u5371\u673a\uff08\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u75ab\u75c5\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u987a\u4ece\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u957f\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u52a0\u5f3a\u7684\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u5a01\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u4f11\u9ed8\uff08Michael\u00a0Huemer\uff09\u5728\u5176\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff08<em>The Problem of Political Authority<\/em>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<a name=\"_ftnref32\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[32]<\/a>\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u4ee3\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u75ab\u75c5\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u75c5\u6bd2\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u5f15\u53d1\u5f53\u524d\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u6bd2\u66f4\u4e3a\u81f4\u547d\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u201c\u611f\u67d3\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5e76\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49<a name=\"_ftnref33\"><\/a>\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[33]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>____________________<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn1\">[10]<\/a> Ludwig von Mises, \u201cDie Wirtschaftsrechnung im sozialistischen Gemeinwesen,\u201d <em>Archiv f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik<\/em>, no. 47, 1920, pp. 86-121.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn2\">[11]<\/a> \u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u94c1\u5e55\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4fa7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u57281986\u5e744\u670826\u65e5\u5207\u5c14\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5229\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u7206\u70b8\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002\u7531HBO-SKY\u4ece2019\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5236\u4f5c\u5e76\u5206\u4e94\u96c6\u64ad\u51fa\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u77ed\u5267\u300a\u5207\u5c14\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5229\u300b\uff08<em>Chernobyl<\/em>\uff09\u63cf\u5199\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5bf9\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u94a6\u4f69\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u5173\u952e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8be5\u5267\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8bc4\u5206\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5267\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn3\">[12]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Mikel Buesa, <em>Abuso de poder: El coronavirus en Espa\u00f1a. Incompetencia y fracaso en la gesti\u00f3n de la crisis<\/em> [Abuse of Power: The Coronavirus in Spain: Incompetence and Failure in the Management of the Crisis] (Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2020).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn4\">[13]<\/a> Jes\u00fas Huerta de Soto, <em>Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship<\/em> (Cheltenham, UK;\u00a0 Northampton, MA:\u00a0 Edward Elgar, 2010), especially pp. 49-98.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn5\">[14]<\/a> \u201c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u3010\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011\u6096\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u5f53\u5c40\u8d8a\u662f\u575a\u6301\u8ba1\u5212\u6216\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9e\u73b0\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u534f\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u6548\u5229\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5931\u8c03\u548c\u626d\u66f2\u3002\u201d\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c58\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn6\">[15]<\/a> \u7531\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u62a5\u300b\uff08<em>El Pa\u00eds<\/em>\uff09\u4e8e2020\u5e746\u670814\u65e5\u548c21\u65e5\u5206\u671f\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn7\">[16]<\/a> Mikel Buesa, <em>Abuso de poder: El coronavirus en Espa\u00f1a. Incompetencia y fracaso en la gesti\u00f3n de la crisis<\/em>, op. cit. \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5e03\u8428\u6559\u6388\u5c06\u9519\u8bef\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u65e0\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u9664\u5916\uff09\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u514b\u670d\u5371\u673a\uff08\uff01\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5728\u7b2c203\u9875\u5bf9\u5371\u673a\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u9519\u8bef\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn8\">[17]<\/a> \u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u683c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u77ed\u7f3a\u3001\u7a00\u7f3a\u548c\u9ed1\u5e02\u3002\u5f53\u51fa\u73b0\u5bf9\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u7d27\u6025\u9700\u6c42\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u53e3\u7f69\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u660e\u667a\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u653e\u5f00\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ef7\u683c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0a\u6da8\uff0c\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u589e\u957f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f1a\u6062\u590d\u5230\u5148\u524d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u5b9e\u73b0\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u589e\u957f\u4e4b\u524d\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u5730\u665a\u5230\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8d28\u91cf\u4f4e\u52a3\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u66ff\u4ee3\u65b9\u6848\u8981\u7cdf\u7cd5\u5f97\u591a\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u77ed\u7f3a\u3001\u9ed1\u5e02\u548c\u52a3\u8d28\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u6700\u5f31\u52bf\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c3d\u5feb\u4ee5\u4f4e\u4ef7\u8d2d\u4e70\u53e3\u7f69\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u5141\u8bb8\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u81f3\u5e02\u573a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn9\">[18]<\/a> \u5728\u6211\u5199\u8fd9\u51e0\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5411\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u7fa4\u5206\u53d1\u548c\u7ba1\u7406Covid-19\u75ab\u82d7\u7684\u7f13\u6162\u3001\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\uff08\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u5c06\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002\uff09\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1Hans-Werner Sinn, \u201cEurope\u2019s Vaccination Debacle,\u201d <em>Project Syndicate<\/em>, Jan. 18, 2021. [https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/europe-vaccine-scarcity-central-planning-by-hans-werner-sinn-2021-01?barrier=accesspaylog]\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn10\">[19]<\/a> Jes\u00fas Huerta de Soto, <em>Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship<\/em>, op. cit., pp. 62-77.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn11\">[20]<\/a> \u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6c89\u8ff7\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb<strong>\u5ba3\u4f20<\/strong>\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5b83\u4f1a\u603b\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e72\u9884\u5c06\u7ed9\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u5bf9\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u6b3a\u9a97\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2\u2026\u2026\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u76f8\u4fe1\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u4e88\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u673a\u6784\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u201dJes\u00fas Huerta de Soto, <em>Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship<\/em>, op. cit., p. 68. \u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u52a8\u518d\u6b21\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8ff7\u4f60\u5267\u300a\u5207\u5c14\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5229\u300b\u6240\u603b\u7ed3\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff1a\u201c\u8c0e\u8a00\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn12\">[21]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c66\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn13\">[22]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c71-76\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn14\">[23]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c80-82\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn15\">[24]<\/a> \u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u5f53\u5c40\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5931\u8c03\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u201c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5931\u8c03\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u5f3a\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e10\u8fdb\u3001\u6781\u6743\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u201c\u2026\u2026<strong>\u52a8\u8361<\/strong>\u6216\u653f\u7b56\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u547d\u4ee4\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u9002\u7528\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6839\u672c\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u6216\u4e24\u8005\u7686\u6709\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u578b\u5e72\u9884\u624b\u6bb5\u548c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u2018\u5b9e\u9a8c\u2019\u5c06\u4e3a\u6240\u8003\u8651\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u201d\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5173\u4e8e\u53e3\u7f69\u2014\u2014\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\u529d\u544a\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ec5\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u5ba3\u5e03\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6237\u5916\u4e5f\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\uff08\uff01\uff09\u2014\u2014\u7684\u53ef\u803b\u60c5\u8282\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Jes\u00fas Huerta de Soto, <em>Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship<\/em>, op. cit., p. 64. \u53e6\u89c1\u201cMacron y la vacunaci\u00f3n,\u201d <em>El pa\u00eds<\/em>, Sunday, Jan. 10, 2021, p. 10. \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u7597\u517b\u9662\u5c45\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u75ab\u75c5\u7684\u6700\u5371\u9669\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u516c\u52a1\u5458\uff08\u516c\u7acb\u533b\u9662\u7684\u533b\u751f\uff09\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e25\u91cd\u611f\u67d3Covid-19\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn16\">[25]<\/a> Israel Kirzner, <em>Discovery and the Capitalist Process<\/em> (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 168.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn17\">[26]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79c1\u4eba\u516c\u53f8Inditex\uff08\u201cZara\u201d\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7269\u6d41\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5728\u521b\u7eaa\u5f55\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5c06\u8d85\u8fc73500\u4e07\u53f0\u7684\u9632\u62a4\u6027\u4fdd\u5065\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u8fde\u540c1200\u53f0\u547c\u5438\u673a\uff09\u5e26\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u5907\u5c06\u5728\u66f4\u665a\u5230\u8fbe\u5e76\u4e14\u72b6\u51b5\u66f4\u7cdf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u7c73\u5176\u6797\u4e24\u661f\u7ea7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u9910\u5385\u201cCoque\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e3a\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u548c\u53d7\u75ab\u75c5\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u51c6\u5907\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u4efd\u9910\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn18\">[27]<\/a> \u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u7ae0\u5916\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u54c8\u8036\u514b\uff08F.A. Hayek\uff09\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u201cCompetition as a Discovery Procedure,\u201d in <em>New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and the History of Ideas<\/em> (London: Routledge, 1978).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn19\">[28]<\/a> \u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b9e\u884c\u53cc\u91cd\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u8c34\u8d23\u79c1\u8425\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5c0f\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u548c\u8fc7\u5206\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u89c6\u4e3a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u82b1\u8d39\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u516c\u5171\u652f\u51fa\u548c\u7a0e\u6536\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn20\">[29]<\/a> \u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e72\u9884\u548c\u80c1\u8feb\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\u5c11\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5f53\u5c40\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\uff09\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6446\u8131\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8981\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u6307\u793a\u6216\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\u4e00\u63d0\uff0c\u4fd7\u8bdd\u8bf4\u201c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u76d1\u7ba1\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u7f5a\u6b3e\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u201d\u6b64\u8a00\u4e0d\u5047\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9694\u79bb\u548c\u5f7b\u5e95\u505c\u987f\u7684\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u79ef\u6781\u6548\u679c\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u6765\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u538b\u529b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5598\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn21\">[30<\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">]<\/a> \u5728\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u7406\u6027\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u7279\u6743\u7279\u6b8a\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u77ed\u89c6\u548c\u77ed\u671f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u72c2\u5984\u548c\u4f4e\u6548\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u800c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u5a01\u671b\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7f14\u9020\u5148\u9a71\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7M. \u5e03\u574e\u5357\uff08James M. Buchanan\uff09\u4e8e1986\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d21\u732e\u76f4\u63a5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6b64\u5904\u3002\uff08\u53e6\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u6211\u5728<em>Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship<\/em>\u4e00\u4e66\u7b2c93\u9875\uff0c\u6ce8\u91ca27\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn22\">[31]<\/a> \u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u7248\u672c\u5916\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1<em>The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude<\/em> (Auburn AL: Mises Institute, 2002). \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u4e5f\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Pedro\u00a0Lomba\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u8be5\u7248\u672c\u4e8e2019\u5e749\u6708\u7531Editorial Trotta\u5728\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn23\">[32]<\/a> Michael Huemer,<em> The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey<\/em>. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). \u8fd9\u4e2a\u526f\u6807\u9898\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn24\">[33<\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">]<\/a> Jes\u00fas Huerta de Soto, \u201cIl virus pi\u00f9 letale,\u201d <em>Il Giornale<\/em>, Milan, May 14, 2020, pp. 1 and 24. \u82f1\u8bed\u7248\uff0c \u201cThe State: The Deadliest Virus,\u201d <em>Mises Wire<\/em>, Mises Institute, June 24, 2020. [https:\/\/mises.org\/wire\/state-deadliest-virus] \u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u7248\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u7248\uff0c\u201cEl virus m\u00e1s letal,\u201d <em>Procesos de Mercado<\/em> 17, no. 1 (Spring 2020): 439-441.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":8433,"menu_order":0,"template":"","article-language":[],"class_list":["post-8463","articulo","type-articulo","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articulo\/8463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articulo"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/articulo"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articulo\/8433"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"article-language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jesushuertadesoto.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-language?post=8463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}